Documentary Modes

Bill Nichols developed a classification of what he called 'documentary modes' during the 1980's and 90's. Each mode can be used to produce a particular style and to recieve particular reactions:

Poetic: This uses music and narration to produce a light hearted style like in 'Nightmail'.

Expository: This uses a narrator in a 'voice of authority' style while describing the representation of reality that is shown on screen. This is often used in programmes like 'Blue Planet' and 'Panorama'. David Attenborough is often a narrator for these style of programme.

Observational: This is the 'fly on the wall' technique used by reality TV shows and in Direct Cinema. 'Big Brother' use this to represent the housemates. This is by using hand-held shots and using an actuality film-making style of leaving the camera to film the unfolding events.

Interactive: This is the mode used in 'Supersize Me' and 'Catfish' as the film-makers interact with the audience and characters represented in the film. It is produced in a video log style with the film-maker telling the story. 

Reflexive: This is often used by Errol Morris as it concentrates on the interview process in a confessional style and is more about the making of the documentary than the subject.

Performance: This is slightly 'Reflexive' but reduces 'Objectivity' and is viewed negatively. This mode is used in the work of Michael Moore who is known for producing highly controversial documentaries.